☑ Consistent attacking strategies yield high scoring games.
☑ Strong youth academy produces future stars.
☑ Effective use of tactical flexibility gives competitive edge.
☑ Fan support boosts morale during crucial matches.
❌ Defensive vulnerabilities can lead to conceding late goals.
❌ Injuries among key players occasionally disrupt rhythm.
❌ Management changes sometimes result in inconsistent tactics.
-[0]: #!/usr/bin/env python
[1]: # Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
[2]: # Licensed under the MIT License.
[3]: import os.path as osp
[4]: import numpy as np
[5]: def read_file_list(file_path):
[6]: “””Read file list.”””
[7]: assert osp.exists(file_path)
[8]: file_list = []
[9]: with open(file_path) as f:
[10]: lines = f.readlines()
[11]: for line in lines:
[12]: line = line.strip()
[13]: if len(line) == 0:
[14]: continue
[15]: file_list.append(line)
[16]: return file_list
[17]: def read_image_set_file(image_set_file):
[18]: “””Read image set file.”””
[19]: assert osp.exists(image_set_file)
[20]: image_index = []
[21]: with open(image_set_file) as f:
[22]: lines = f.readlines()
[23]: if len(lines) ==0:
[24]: print(“image_set_file %s is empty!” % image_set_file)
return image_index
for line in lines:
line = line.strip()
if len(line)==0:
continue
image_index.append(line)
return image_index
***** Tag Data *****
ID: 1
description: Reading an image set file with nested conditionals handling empty files,
printing warnings, and appending non-empty lines.
start line: 17
end line: 34
dependencies:
– type: Function
name: read_image_set_file
start line: 17
end line: 34
context description: This function reads an image set file into a list while handling
edge cases such as empty files or lines gracefully.
algorithmic depth: 4
algorithmic depth external: N
obscurity: 4
advanced coding concepts: 4
interesting for students: 5
self contained: N
************
## Challenging aspects
### Challenging aspects in above code:
1. **File Existence Check**: Ensuring that the provided file path exists using `osp.exists`. Handling cases where it does not exist gracefully.
2. **Empty File Handling**: Detecting if the input file is empty (`len(lines) ==0`) and providing meaningful feedback without crashing.
3. **Whitespace Management**: Stripping whitespace from each line (`line.strip()`) before processing it further.
4. **Ignoring Empty Lines**: Skipping over any lines that are empty after stripping whitespace.
5. **Efficient Reading**: Reading all lines at once (`lines = f.readlines()`) which could be memory intensive if dealing with very large files.
6. **Appending Valid Lines**: Only appending non-empty stripped lines into `image_index`.
### Extension:
1. **Dynamic File Additions**: Handle cases where new files are added dynamically while reading existing files.
2. **File Pointers within Files**: Some files may contain pointers (file paths) to other files that need to be read recursively.
3. **Directory Handling**: Extend functionality to process all files within a directory recursively instead of just one file.
4. **Error Logging**: Implement detailed logging mechanisms instead of just printing messages.
5. **Concurrency Issues**: Handle concurrent access issues if multiple processes might try reading/writing simultaneously.
6. **Performance Optimization**: Optimize memory usage when dealing with very large files or directories containing many small files.
## Exercise
### Problem Statement:
You are required to extend the functionality provided by [SNIPPET] into a robust utility function named `process_image_files` which should handle multiple complex scenarios described below:
1. Read all `.txt` files within a specified directory (including subdirectories).
* If new `.txt` files are added while processing is ongoing, ensure they are also processed.
* If any `.txt` file contains pointers (file paths) to other `.txt` files located anywhere within or outside the specified directory structure, those referenced files must also be processed recursively.
* Handle cases where some `.txt` files may not exist or become inaccessible during processing due to concurrent modifications.
* Ensure efficient memory usage even when dealing with large numbers of small text files.
* Implement detailed logging using Python’s `logging` module instead of simple print statements.
### Requirements:
* Use Python standard libraries only.
* Ensure thread safety without relying on external libraries like `threading`.
* Provide meaningful error messages/logging when encountering issues such as missing files or permission errors.
* Optimize reading operations considering both time complexity and space complexity.
## Solution
python
import os.path as osp
import os
import logging
# Configure logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
def process_image_files(directory):
“””Process all .txt files within a directory including subdirectories.”””
assert osp.exists(directory), “Provided directory does not exist.”
assert osp.isdir(directory), “Provided path is not a directory.”
processed_files = set()
def read_and_process(file_path):
“””Reads individual txt file handling recursive references.”””
if not osp.exists(file_path):
logging.error(f”{file_path} does not exist.”)
return
processed_files.add(file_path)
try:
with open(file_path) as f:
lines = f.readlines()
if len(lines) ==0:
logging.warning(f”{file_path} is empty!”)
return
image_index = []
for line in lines:
line = line.strip()
if len(line)==0:
continue
# Check if it’s another valid txt reference/file path inside current dir structure
full_path = osp.join(osp.dirname(file_path), line)
if osp.isfile(full_path):
read_and_process(full_path)
else:
image_index.append(line)
logging.info(f”Processed {file_path}: {image_index}”)
except Exception as e:
logging.error(f”Failed processing {file_path}: {str(e)}”)
def scan_directory(dirpath):
“””Scans through all txt files recursively.”””
try:
entries = os.listdir(dirpath)
except Exception as e:
logging.error(f”Failed accessing directory {dirpath}: {str(e)}”)
return
for entry in entries:
full_entry_path = osp.join(dirpath, entry)
if osp.isdir(full_entry_path):
scan_directory(full_entry_path)
elif full_entry_path.endswith(‘.txt’):
read_and_process(full_entry_path)
scan_directory(directory)
# Example usage
# process_image_files(‘/path/to/directory’)
## Follow-up exercise
### Problem Statement:
Extend your solution from above such that it handles additional requirements:
1. Introduce concurrency using Python’s threading module so that multiple `.txt` files can be processed simultaneously but ensure thread safety while accessing shared resources like logs or shared data structures.
* Ensure no race conditions occur when updating shared resources such as `processed_files`.
* Implement locking mechanisms appropriately wherever necessary.
### Requirements:
* Use Python standard libraries only.
* Ensure thread safety without relying on external libraries beyond what Python provides natively (`threading`, etc.)
* Maintain detailed error handling/logging mechanisms.
## Solution
python
import os.path as osp
import os
import logging
from threading import Thread, Lock
# Configure logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
lock = Lock()
def process_image_files(directory):
“””Process all .txt files within a directory including subdirectories.”””
assert osp.exists(directory), “Provided directory does not exist.”
assert osp.isdir(directory), “Provided path is not a directory.”
processed_files = set()
def read_and_process(file_path):
“””Reads individual txt file handling recursive references.”””
lock.acquire()
try:
if not osp.exists(file_path):
logging.error(f”{file_path} does not exist.”)
return
processed_files.add(file_path)
finally:
lock.release()
try:
with open(file_path) as f:
lines = f.readlines()
if len(lines) ==0:
logging.warning(f”{file_path} is empty!”)
return
image_index = []
threads = []
def process_line(line):
nonlocal image_index
lock.acquire()
try:
full_line_striped= line.strip()
full_line_striped_len= len(full_line_striped)
if full_line_striped_len==0 :
return
# Check if it’s another valid txt reference/file path inside current dir structure
full_ref=osp.join(osp.dirname(file_path),full_line_striped )
lock.acquire()
try :
# Avoid re-processing already handled references/files
if full_ref not in processed_files :
t=Thread(target=read_and_process,args=(full_ref,))
threads.append(t)
t.start()
else :
pass
lock.release()
image_index.append(full_line_striped)
finally :
lock.release()
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threads.append(Thread(target=process_line,args=(line,) ))
threads[-1].start()
lock.release()
t.join()for t in threads
*** Excerpt ***
We next sought evidence whether oxidative stress could induce ROS-dependent DNA damage after mitochondrial dysfunction induced by rotenone treatment alone or following combined exposure rotenone + METH treatment compared to control animals exposed either vehicle alone or METH alone (). To test this hypothesis we examined DNA damage markers γH129 histone H–serine–glutamate–glutamate–lysine (γH129K)-specific antibody [34] which detects histones associated with DNA strand breaks [35]. We observed increased levels γH129K expression throughout brain regions examined following rotenone exposure (). These effects were significantly enhanced following combined exposure rotenone + METH compared vehicle treated controls (). However we did observe significant increases γH129K expression following METH alone exposure (). Furthermore we observed significant increases γH129K immunoreactivity following rotenone + METH co-exposure compared METH alone exposure (). Taken together these data suggest oxidative stress induced mitochondrial dysfunction may induce DNA damage via generation ROS following both rotenone treatment alone but more pronouncedly after combined exposure rotenone + METH treatment compared METH alone treatment.
*** Revision 0 ***
## Plan
To create an advanced exercise that tests profound understanding along with additional factual knowledge related to the excerpt provided, we will incorporate several layers into our approach:
1. Integrate complex scientific terminology related specifically to cellular biology, neurochemistry, and genetics beyond what is mentioned explicitly in the excerpt—requiring learners to have background knowledge or conduct research outside what’s presented directly.
2. Embed deductive reasoning elements by presenting findings that require interpretation based on underlying biochemical principles rather than straightforward observation—forcing learners to apply logic rather than recall facts.
3.Introduce nested counterfactuals (“if X had not happened then Y would have been different”) and conditionals (“if X then Y; however Z”) requiring learners not only grasp direct implications but also consider alternative scenarios based on varying conditions presented subtly within the text.
To achieve these aims effectively while ensuring clarity isn’t compromised excessively due to complexity increase:
– We will rewrite portions of the excerpt incorporating more nuanced scientific details about oxidative stress mechanisms, mitochondrial dysfunction specifics related precisely how they lead to DNA damage through reactive oxygen species (ROS), including mentioning specific types/typesets of ROS where applicable.
– We will introduce hypothetical scenarios requiring application-based reasoning—for example discussing potential outcomes had different concentrations of substances been used—or introducing hypothetical genetic mutations affecting susceptibility/resistance towards treatments mentioned.
## Rewritten Excerpt
In pursuit of elucidating whether oxidative stress precipitates ROS-mediated genotoxicity subsequent upon mitochondrial compromise instigated singularly via Rotenon administration or concomitantly post Rotenon plus Methamphetamine (METH) intervention vis-a-vis control cohorts subjected exclusively either vehicular compound or isolated METH application (), we embarked upon scrutinizing biomarkers indicative of genomic insult (gamma)-H(_{129})-histone H–serine–glutamate–glutamate–lysine ((gamma)-H(_{129}text{K}))-specific antibody [34], renowned for its affinity towards histones ensnared amidst nucleotide sequence disruptions [35]. Observations delineated augmented (gamma)-H(_{129}text{K}) manifestation across cerebral locales under scrutiny post-Rotenon regimen (). These phenomena were markedly intensified subsequent dual exposition Rotenon + METH juxtaposed against vehicular control counterparts (). Nonetheless noteworthy elevations were discernible post-METH exclusive administration (). Moreover pronounced escalations were noted concerning (gamma)-H(_{129}text{K}) immunoreactivity post dual Rotenon + METH intervention relative solely METH engagement (). Collectively these revelations insinuate oxidative distress-induced mitochondrial derangement potentially culminates genomic detriment via ROS genesis ensuing both solitary Rotenon intervention yet conspicuously exacerbated post dual Rotenon + METH regime vis-a-vis solitary METH involvement ().
## Suggested Exercise
Following comprehensive analysis delineated within cerebral contexts subjected individually either towards Rotenon administration or conjoined Rotenon plus Methamphetamine (METH) exposure contrastingly against controls administered vehicular compound solely or isolated METH intervention; wherein (gamma)-H(_{129}text{K})-specific antibody served paramount in identifying histones bound amidst nucleotide sequence disruptions indicative of DNA damage—evidenced was escalated (gamma)-H(_{129}text{K}) expression post-Rotenon regimen notably intensified subsequent dual exposition versus vehicular controls; albeit significant elevations post-METH exclusive administration were observable too; furthermore pronounced escalations concerning (gamma)-H(_{129}text{K}) immunoreactivity noted post dual intervention relative solely Methamphetamine engagement suggests oxidative distress-induced mitochondrial derangement culminates genomic detriment via ROS genesis ensuing both solitary Rotenon intervention yet conspicuously exacerbated post dual regime vis-a-vis solitary Methamphetamine involvement—
What inference can most accurately be drawn regarding ROS-mediated genotoxicity induction mechanism?
A) Mitochondrial dysfunction instigated solely by Methamphetamine induces greater genotoxicity than when induced by Rotenon alone due primarily because Methamphetamine directly damages DNA independent of oxidative stress pathways.
B) Oxidative stress plays no role in inducing ROS-mediated genotoxicity; rather it’s purely mechanical disruptions caused by physical agents like Rotenon that lead directly to genomic insults detectable through elevated (gamma)-H(_{129}text{K}).
C) Oxidative stress resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction triggered either by Rotenon alone or more severely by combined Rotenon plus Methamphetamine treatment leads directly to DNA damage via increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
D) Elevated levels of (gamma)-H(_{129}text{K}) expression observed across various brain regions serve merely as indicators unrelated directly towards actual genotoxic events but rather signify increased metabolic activity unrelated specifically towards oxidative stress pathways.
*** Revision 1 ***
check requirements:
– req_no: ‘1’
discussion’: The draft doesn’t require external knowledge beyond what’s presented.’
? How well does choice C align specifically regarding mechanistic pathways?
‘: req_no ‘6’
? Does choice C clearly stand out based purely on information from the excerpt?
external fact’: Understanding specific biochemical pathways affected differently by drugs,
revision suggestion”: To satisfy requirement number one effectively about requiring external knowledge,
more emphasis needs placed upon comparing biochemical pathways affected uniquely by each,
rotational administration versus methamphetamine exposure individually versus combinationally,
and how these relate broadly known cellular responses mechanisms such as apoptosis versus necrosis,
or autophagy pathways which aren’t covered explicitly but necessary understood here.nnFor requirement six,
ensure choices subtly relate back uniquely enough so correct answers rely strictly on understanding,
not guesswork based off general knowledge.nnRevised question could ask how findings relate broadly-known theories,
like free radical theory aging versus specific pathway disruptions discussed here.”
revised excerpt”: In pursuit elucidating whether oxidative stress precipitates ROS-mediated genotoxicity subsequent upon mitochondrial compromise instigated singularly via rotatory administration rotundin versus concomitant application rotundin plus methamphetamine (METH),
vis-a-vis control cohorts subjected exclusively either vehicular compound isolated meth application(),
we embarked scrutinizing biomarkers indicative genomic insult gamma-H_127-histone H-serine-glutamate-glutamate-lysine gamma-H_127-specific antibody renowned affinity histones ensnared midst nucleotide sequence disruptions observations delineated augmented gamma-H_127 manifestation cerebral locales scrutiny post-Rotundin regimen phenomena markedly intensified subsequent dual exposition rotundin plus meth juxtaposed vehicular control counterparts nonetheless noteworthy elevations discernible post-meth exclusive administration moreover pronounced escalations noted concerning gamma-H_127 immunoreactivity dual rotundin plus meth intervention relative solely meth engagement collectively revelations insinuate oxidative distress-induced mitochondrial derangement potentially culminates genomic detriment via ROS genesis ensuing both solitary rotundin intervention yet conspicuously exacerbated dual regime vis-a-vis solitary meth involvement”
correct choice”: Oxidative stress resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction triggered either by rotundin alone or more severely by combined rotundin plus methamphetamine treatment leads directly causes DNA damage via increased production reactive oxygen species (ROS).
revised exercise”: Following comprehensive analysis delineated cerebral contexts subjected individually toward rotational administration rotundin versus conjoint rotational application rotundin plus methamphetamine contrastingly against controls administered vehicular compound solely isolated meth intervention wherein gamma-H_127-specific antibody served paramount identifying histones bound midst nucleotide sequence disruptions indicative DNA damage-evidenced escalated gamma-H_127 expression post-Rotundin regimen notably intensified subsequent dual exposition vis-a-vis vehicular controls albeit significant elevations discernible post-meth exclusive administration furthermore pronounced escalations concerning gamma-H_127 immunoreactivity noted dual intervention relative solely meth engagement suggests oxidative distress-induced mitochondrial derangement culminates genomic detriment via ROS genesis ensuing both solitary rotational intervention yet conspicuously exacerbated conjoint regime vis-a-vis solitary meth involvement What inference most accurately drawn regarding mechanistic pathway differences between commonly discussed cellular responses like apoptosis versus necrosis?
incorrect choices”:
– Mitochondrial dysfunction instigated solely methamphetamine induces greater genotoxicity than when instigated rotundin alone primarily because methamphetamine directly damages DNA independent oxidative stress pathways.
– Oxidative stress plays no role inducing ROS-mediated genotoxicity rather purely mechanical disruptions caused physical agents like rotundin lead directly genomic insults detectable elevated gamma-H_127 expression levels.
– Elevated levels gamma-H_127 expression observed various brain regions serve merely indicators unrelated directly actual genotoxic events rather signify increased metabolic activity unrelated specifically toward oxidative stress pathways.”
*** Excerpt ***
The endogenous cannabinoid system plays important roles during early stages ove life including neurodevelopmental processes such neural proliferation migration differentiation survival maturation synaptogenesis synaptic plasticity neurotransmitter release glial differentiation regulation myelination clearance ocytosis modulation inflammation response pain perception thermoregulation energy homeostasis food intake reproduction fertility sexual behavior sleep wakefulness circadian rhythms emotional behaviors cognitive functions learning memory reward behaviors reward addiction anxiety depression psychosis mood disorders autism spectrum disorder schizophrenia bipolar disorder epilepsy sleep disorders Parkinson disease Alzheimer disease Huntington disease Down syndrome fragile X syndrome autism spectrum disorder Rett syndrome Prader Willi syndrome Angelman syndrome Fragile X Tremor Ataxia Parkinsonism Syndrome intellectual disability chronic pain cancer Multiple sclerosis traumatic brain injury spinal cord injury stroke Lou Gehrig disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis amyotrophic lateral sclerosis amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS Multiple Sclerosis MS Alzheimer s Disease AD Huntington s Disease HD Parkinson s Disease PD Cystic Fibrosis CF Autism Autism Spectrum Disorder ASD Spinal Muscular Atrophy SMA Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD Epilepsy Seizure Disorders Diabetic Retionopathy DR Type I Diabetes Mellitus TIDM Type II Diabetes Mellitus TTDM Down Syndrome DS Rett Syndrome RTT Fragile X Syndrome FXS Prader Willi Syndrome PWS Angelman Syndrome AS Osteoporosis OP Rheumatoid Arthritis RA Osteoarthritis OA Crohn s Disease CD Ulcerative Colitis UC Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis JIA Ankylosing Spondylitis AS Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis PA Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ADHD Tourette s Syndrome TS Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD Depression Major Depressive Disorder Dystonia Cushing s Disease Parkinsonism Essential Tremor Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Fibromyalgia Irritable Bowel Syndrome IBS Chronic Headaches Migraines Cluster Headaches Post Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Polycystic Ovary Syndrome PCOS Infertility Impotence Erectile Dysfunction Premature Ejaculation Endometriosis Dysmenorrhea Menstrual Cramps Dyspareunia Vaginal Dryness Female Sexual Interest Arousal Disorder FSIA Female Orgasmic Disorder FOD Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder HSDD Peyronie s Disease Vulvodynia Vulvovaginitis Bacterial Vaginosis BV Trichomoniasis HPV Herpes Simplex Virus HSV Genital Warts Hepatitis HIV AIDS Acne Rosacea Cellulite Body Odor Under Eye Circles Dark Circles Periorbital Hematomas Purpura Petechiae Stretch Marks Varicosities Venous Insufficiency Varicose Veins Telangiectasias Spider Veins Capillary Fragility Easy Bruising Poor Wound Healing Thin Skin Wrinkles Fine Lines Sagging Loose Skin Hyperpigmentation Hypopigmentation Skin Discoloration Acne Scarring Alopecia Thinning Hair Baldness Brittle Nails Ingrown Toenails Onychomycosis Fungal Nail Infection Athlete Foot Jock Itch Plantar Warts Corns Calluses Ingrown Toenails Bunions Hammertoes Claw Toes Morton Neuroma Hallux Valgus Ankylosis Gout Tendonitis Bursitis Tennis Elbow Golfer s Elbow Carpal Tunnel Cubital Tunnel De Quervains Tenosynovitis Trigger Finger Dupuytren s Contracture Ganglion Cysts Ganglion cyst Baker cyst Olecranon bursitis Prepatellar bursitis Subacromial bursitis Retrocalcaneal bursitis Septic arthritis Rheumatoid nodules Rheumatoid pannus Osteoarthritic nodules Heberden nodes Bouchard nodes Heel spurs Morton neuroma Sesamoiditis Haglund s deformity Turf toe Plantar fasciitis Achilles tendinitis Calcific tendinitis Frozen shoulder Adhesive capsulitis Frozen foot Adhesive foot Shoulder impingement Hip impingement Knee impingement Elbow impingement Low Back Pain Neck Pain TMJ Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction TMJD Muscle Strain Ligament Sprain Muscle Spasm Cramp Fasciitis Myofascial Pain Fibromyalgia Myofascial Trigger Points Trigger Points Myalgia Tension Headache Cluster Headache Migraine Post Concussion Syndrome Post Concussive Disorder Post Traumatic Headache Complex Regional Pain Syndome CRPS Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy RSD CRPS Type I CRPS Type II Central Pain Post Herpetic Neuralgia Diabetic Neuropathy Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Phantom Limb Pain Stump Pain Post Amputation Pain Neuritic Pain Neuropathic Joint Complex Regional Pain Syndome CRPS Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy RSD CRPS Type I CRPS Type II Central Pain Post Herpetic Neuralgia Diabetic Neuropathy Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Phantom Limb Pain Stump Pain Post Amputation Pain Neuritic Pain Neuropathic Joint Complex Regional Lipodystrophy Lipodystrophy Progeria Progeria Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Progeria Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Adult Progeria Werner syndrome Werner syndrome Cockayne syndrome Bloom syndrome Trichothiodystrophy Ataxia telangiectasia Nijmegen breakage syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum Gorlin syndrome Rothmund Thomson syndrome Cartilage Hair Hypoplasia SHORT SYNDROME SHORT STORMAN WAGNER SYNDROME SHOX RELATED DISORDERS DIAPHYSEAL ACROSTEALYSIS MICROTIA MICROCEPHALY BRACHYMETAPHALANGISM SHORT STATURE INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY ADD
